Lava flooding and thermal or tensional stress fractures are two causes of graben formation.
2.
When tensional stresses stretch a body or layer of rock such that its tensile strength is exceeded, it breaks.
3.
Rifting which involves the stretching of pre-existing crust and mantle lithosphere was initiated by the existence of sufficient horizontal deviatoric tensional stress that broke the lithosphere.
4.
A fin is typically formed when a narrow butte or plateau develops a series of vertical cracks in a parallel pattern ( often due to tensional stresses along monoclinal fold axes ).
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